Monday, March 28, 2022

Kathak And Its Gharanas

Abstract

Indian culture is known for its rich culture and heritage. We have evolved in different eras and over the period we have transformed, upgraded our culture. Our culture shows reminiscent of Mughal, Persian, Afghani, British making it more rich and extensive. In this paper Kathak evolution as different styles and forms andgharanas were studied and it was quite evident that each Gharana hasa different story and form. From the literature, it was concluded that there were three famous Gharana of Kathak i.e., Jaipur, Banaras, Lucknow. Jaipur Gharana focused on the intricacy of the technical aspects of the dance, Banaras emphasizing the gestures and Lucknow for expression and footwork. The present-day kathak we see has mostly the grouping of two or more Gharana or dance forms. Over the period the kathak has matured in the way of delivery and many cultures reminiscent can be seen in this dance form. The kathak is now not only limited to our country but the artist has workshops and performances all around the globe and people are getting training across the globe.

Keywords: Kathak, Gharana of Kathak, kathak in modern times, kathak evolution.

Introduction

Kathak having roots in northern India, originated from Katha which means story. Kathakars the kathak artist used to perform on the stories related to god and mythology Mahabharata, Ramayana. It holds a very stronghold in the Indian culture. It has evolved in different forms and styles over the eras. Initially started with the bhakti movement and performed in the temples and telling the stories with the Mughals empire in India it has moved to the courts, where their artist also had given their element in the dance and then with the coming of British it was degraded and lost it holds in our culture but after independence Government had again worked to uplift its position. Now, kathak had developed a lot and even part of the drama, play, theatre, and cinema. This dance form is also not specified to a particular gender.

प्रिय पाठको

ये रिसर्च पेपर मेरे द्वारा सम्पादित इंटरनेशनल पीर रिवीयूव रेफ्रिड इंडेक्स्ड इंटरडिसिप्लिनरी मल्टीलिंगुअल मंथली रिसर्च जर्नल - शोध,समीक्षा और मुल्यांकन

के मार्च अंक में प्रकाशित हुआ है। प्रकाशित रिसर्च पेपर पढ़ने के लिए नीचे दी गयी वेबलिंक को क्लिक कीजिये –

http://www.ugcjournal.com/assets/authors/KATHAK_AND_ITS_GHARANAS.pdf

Dear readers

This research paper was edited by me in International Peer Review Referred Indexed Interdisciplinary Multilingual Monthly Research Journal - The research Paper is published in the March issue of Shodh Samiksha Aur Mulyankan Journal. To read the published research paper, click on the weblink given below -

http://www.ugcjournal.com/assets/authors/KATHAK_AND_ITS_GHARANAS.pdf

Kathak involves:

* Nritta - the pure dance

* Natya - authentic drama

* Nritya - use of vivid facial expressions

It’s a dance form that has a slow as well as fast pace. (Hawa, 2017). Every Dance form is inspired by the culture of the region from where it is originated. The artist of the dance form was futuristic perception and the tode, tukde composed at that time also have relevance and popular till date. In this era also it can keep its presence. The kathak is preached from guru to shishya and the styles become the symbol of belonging to a particular Gharana, teacher giving the dance a new shape and form. Classical dances and music are always from gharanas. Kathak has major three gharanas, Banaras, Jaipur and Lucknow. The teaching is passed from one generation to other in typical guru shishya paranmpara. The three main compulsory elements of dance are nritya, nritta and bhaav, all gharanas have expertise in one or more of these

Banaras KathakGharanais one of the spiritual and purest forms as considered by artists, as it was performed mostly in temples. Banaras Kathak Gharana founded by janakiprasad. This style is known for its natwari or dance bold. It includes more floor work. Prominent dancers of Gharana are Dulha Ram and Ganeshilal, Chunnilal, Biharilal, Hiralal Hanuman Prasad, Shivlal Nawal Kishore.

* Sitara Devi is known Kathak dancer both in India and abroad. She is proficient in creating a fusion of Banaras and Lucknow Gharana. She was titled as 'Nritya Samragini' by Rabindranath Tagore. She had performed at various promininent venues like Carnegie Hall, New York and Royal Albert Hall, London over hersix decade long career. She was honoured by Sangeet NatakAkademi Award, Padma Shri, Kalidas Samman and Nritya Nipuna. (FP, 2017)

Lucknow Kathak Gharana originated from courts of Muslim nawabs this gharana focuses mainly on the abhinaya, expressions, acting, grace with the movements. it is known for presenting bhaav in a better way. Prominent artists of this gharana areBirju Maharaj, Shambhu Maharaj and Lachhu Maharaj.

§ Dr Maya Rao has created her place as cheorgrapher of kathak all over the world. She had also one who have passed this beautiful north Indian dance in South India and started a dance school their back in 1987.(Express News Service, 2021)

§ Pt. Birju maharaja- add glory to the Lucknow Gharana, he is known for his exceptional, inspirational and illustrious dance form. He was trained under his father and uncle the guru of this gharana Acchan Maharaj, Shambhu Maharaj and Lachchu Maharaj. He had many awards like Sangeet Natak Academy Award, Padma Vibhushan, also awarded honorary doctoral degrees by Banaras Hindu University and Khairagarh University. (Verma, 2021)

Jaipur Kathak Gharanaoriginated at the time of Kachchwaha reign.This Gharana focus mainly on the technicality of the dance, simple to complex footwork, spins and talasare known as abhinaypakhawaj, such as paranas are also developed in this. Jaipuris a city with rich culture and heritage even kathak has its roots. 'Katha kahe so kathak kahave' – which means Kathak is the dance of storytellers. The story is narrated through the body. Face, hands, feet on the beats of table and lehra.Ganganis are known as the leading exponents and their 3 generations are continuously performing this all over the country and world. Earlier the dance was restricted to be performed by the male members, but with the changing time, even the female are given chance to showcase their talent. (Vashisht, 2019). Famous artist of this Gharana are Chunnilal Prasad, Kundan Lal Gangani, Sunder Prasad, Mangala Bhatt, PuruDadheech, Pt. Sundar Lal Gangani, Pt.Devi Lal,

§ Pandit Durgalal is one of the best gurus and also has received awards at Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Academy, Rashtriya Sangeet Natak, Padmashri.

§ Pandit Rajendra Kumar Gangani is known for his innovation in the dance form, and was honoured with many awards as Sangeet Raj and ShastriyaNatya Shiromani Award, Sangeet Natya Academy Award

One more Gharana which come into existence was Raigarh Kathak Gharana it was developed in early twentieth century inChattisgarh during the reign of Maharaja Chakradhar Singh.

Kathak is gaining a lot of importance and the government also try to promote both the art and the artist. Now the artist tries to re-create and innovate it with many different styles and elements. this is not restricted to our country it is being preached worldwide and even the interested students learn it through the online medium, not restraining it to a particular mass or place.

Research methodology

The paper aims to study the evolution of different gharanas of Kathak and the difference in the dance style of these gharanas and how they have travelled over the periodwere studied. To conduct this study, secondary data was considered for the collection of data. We have taken the literature published on various journals, websites. newspapers, blogs and reports.

Related literature

The author has studied the various Gharana of kathak. House of kathak is known as Gharana. The position got deteriorated with the coming of British raj but few families retained their tradition and the art form. Three forms were developed as Lucknow, Banaras, and Jaipur Kathak Gharana.

Lucknow Gharana- Sri Ishwar prasad acclaimed to revive the art of kathak. It gain its importance when it was performed in the nawab courts of Oudh, Lucknow. This Gharana focuses mainly on the grace and elegance of the artist. It was following lashya style, abhinaya, bhavas, thumri of this Gharana became popular. Birju Maharaj, Shambhu Maharaj, and Lachhu Maharaj are the most famous artist.

Jaipur Gharana- this dance form originated during the reign of Kachchwaha kings. Shri Bhanuji is known to be its founder who had expertise in Tandava. The artist of this Gharana perform mainly in courts of Hindu kings, consecutively preserving the traditional form of the dance. In this dance form technicality of dance are given more importance.

Banaras Gharana- Janakiprasad is known as the one who developed this gharana. This gharana focus more on the bol or natwari and footwork. Lasya and tanadava also have its features.(Bhatt)

The performers of Uttar Pradesh known as Kathavacaks, their form of kathak is narrating a story called Kathavacanwith gestures, rhythms, songs. This is known to be the ancient and spiritual form of dance. The author got insights into the origin of the dance. The clan belonging to this form are doing a continuous effort to propagate the identity associated with documentation.(Walker, M. 2006)

Kathak known for its footwork, storytelling techniques were transferred from guru to teacher in the typical Indian guru shishya parampara. The author tried to study the change in the dance technique Over generations in all gharanas. The change in the periods and rulers have developed kathak styles. The basics of styles have also seen the change and the flexibility and adaptability in the dance form define the important aspects of teaching. The change in the socio-cultural, demographics also play role in developing and changing the dance style and teaching pedagogy as it is not limited to our country only.(Morelli, S. 2010).

In this article the author focused on the four gharanas the following are the view about the gharanas:

§ Lucknow Gharana- it started at the reign ofNawab Wajid Ali Shah the ruler of Awadh in the early 19th century. It is said that in this Gharana the dance gains its complexity and grace. This Gharana is known for the grace, expressions and gestures

§ Jaipur Gharana developed in the courts of the Kachchwaha kings. This Gharana focuses on the technicality as complex and powerful footwork, multiple spins, and complicated compositions in different talas.

§ Benaras Gharana founded by Janakiprasad. It is known for use of floor and the natwari.

§ Raigarh Gharanadevelopedin the early twentieth century by Maharaja Chakradhar Singh of Chhatisgarh. The king called the experts of kathaks at his court and all the artist together developed a new form with different rhythms beats footwork.(Singh, 2015)

Over the period the rich and graceful dance form of India has also seen the changes.. till sixteenth-century Ram Lila, Krishna Lila and portraying the stories of god were part of the dance. In the 17 and 18^th century the dance had major changes as it was experimented by many people of different communities. By the 19^th century, the known styles of kathak evolved as Jaipur Gharana, Lucknow Gharana and Banaras Gharana. (Grover, B. (2015).

Kathak originated in the northern region of India and belonged to the brahman men and was also called brahman kathak. It has its root in Hindu mythology and is considered to be very spiritual. The philosophy it follows is of the Advaita meaning whole, which means the male artist perform both parts of male and female. In this paper,the author tries to study the unknown facts and basics of dance. (Gupta, 2015)

The author studied the kathak recent history with the regional viewpoint. Lucknow Gharana was confined to courts and salons of colonial rulers. How the changes happen in the dance form with the transition from the traditional form of transmission to the institutes. The new form included modernisation and globalisation. The traditional form is preserved but the new culture and generation of the cosmopolitan world are reshaping the dance form, now the disciples experiment and innovate with the traditional form. (Skiba, K. 2016).

Kathak has transformed with time, earlier if artists performed abroad it always crossed the time allotted and the audience was there to enjoy till the end but now the audience to have the time restriction and they are not able to spend so long hours restricting their performance to the time allotted.(Sahasrabudhe, 2019).

Conclusion

Kathak reflects our ancient culture and is known for its styles, abhinaya, Mundra. The rhythm, sound of ghunghroos and the expressions of the artist keep the audience engaged and mesmerized. The literature depicts the specialisation of different gharanas and how the cosmo and global world have merged not only the different gharanas but also with the international and other national dance forms. The audience has a lot of expectations from the artist and isno more enlightened just to see the abhinaya. It’s the need of the hour for an artist to create a dance piece that bindsthe present-day audience. Artistsalso try to protect and save the original form of kathak.The government also encourages and endorse the events and the artist as this dance has passed through various centuries and was merged with the styles of different reigns and rulers. Kathak is not a gender specified dance form, it does start with the performance of male members who used to play the part of both male and female in the performance but over the period the female also got the equal position and are known for their exemplary performances

This dance form also traces familiarity with the south Indian Dance form Bharatnatyam, one considered to have introvert expression style and later as extrovert expression style. Kathakali and kathak are different having common things as both portray stories, involve extensive footwork, gestures; kathakali has recently emerged and later known to be more ancient. Even certain author belives that kathak and Flamenco have similarity as both involve extensive footwork and gestures, kathak is done barefoot while other wearing boots. Though kathak has developed and belonged to our country, still the artist witness more audiences when they perform abroad, this was the view of many kathak artists. They believe that the foreign artist usually merges two or three dance form and enrich it but the Indian artist stick to the traditional form and that may be one of the reasons we are not able to attract the youth and more audience in the cultural fest and foreign fest witness more audience.(Khajuraho, 2017). Our institutes and academy must enrich and allow the artist to experiment and develop new

forms. Dr.Aayushi Dikshit

Spatial Temporal Analysis of Delhi Assembly Elections 1952-2020

Abstract:

As we know election in India is a gigantic task. Electoral system is a fundamental cornerstone of successful democracy. In India election is a complex exercise, which involves various schedules, rules and machinery. The present study concerns itself with the electoral geography of Delhi and various elections held so far in Delhi. In this context this study explains the historical evolution of Delhi Assembly Election. The main objective of this study is to emphasize about the present form and composition of Legislative assembly of Delhi. This study also represents the performance of various political parties in Delhi’s electoral history so far. It presents an empirical analysis and deep insight into the polls. This study is mainly based on secondary data that have been collected by different sources. The secondary data is mainly obtained from the chief electoral officer, Delhi and election commission of India. Areal structural and spatial process approaches were used to interpret the voting data. Delhi has a long history of assembly election and the first election was held in 1952. In the first assembly election there were only 744668 electorates in Delhi, which increased to 14797990 by 2020 (election Commission of India). Voter turnout is important for the legitimacy of democratic elections, and Delhi’s assembly elections are known for their high turnout. Viewed in this light, the present study appears to be particularly relevant and useful to a large variety of social scientists, involved in electoral studies and people at large.

Keywords: Democracy, Election, Legislative Assembly, Voter turnout, Electorates

Dear readers

This research paper was edited by me in International Peer Review Referred Indexed Interdisciplinary Multilingual Monthly Research Journal - The research Paper is published in the March issue of research Analysis and Evaluation.Journal. To read the published research paper, click on the weblink given below -

http://www.ugcjournal.com/assets/authors/Spatial_Temporal_Analysis_of_Delhi_Assembly_Elections_19522020_1.pdf

Introduction

After independence, India adopted a democratic system of governance. Democracy runs like a golden thread in the social, economic and political fabric woven by the Constitution given by ‘We, the People of India’ unto ourselves[1]. “Elections have been analyzed on a more comprehensive and widespread scale than almost any other aspect of Indian polities” (Palmer,1976). India has a constitutional democracy where elections have been held at regular interval. The constitution of India has made provisions for the elections to parliament and legislature of every state. It is always useful to look at the electoral experiences of a country or any state in the context of the study of the elections concerned and interpret it in that line. It therefore follows that the study of legislative assembly election in Delhi, which is the subject of the present work, needs to be interpreted in the light of the electoral system of India. The present study provides a descriptive examination of electoral system, particularly in Delhi. This study deals with the historical background of Delhi assembly elections. Its main objective is to reveal the history of its origin while highlighting the relevant features of its development. Beside that the spatial and temporal changes that have taken place in the voter turnout and performance of various political parties for all the assembly elections held in Delhi from 1952 to 2020 have been importantly mentioned in this study along with reasons. To understand the electoral geography of Delhi, this study has been developed mainly on the basis of secondary sources of data.

Electoral geography is an important subfield of political geography. Electoral geography is the analysis of the methods and results of elections in the context of geographic space and using geographical techniques (Agnew, John.1996)[2]. The electoral geography of Delhi has an ancient history of its own, the first legislative assembly election in Delhi was held in 1952. The electoral constituencies of Delhi have also undergone changes over the years. During the first Assembly Election Delhi hadonly 48 constituencies and after this their number increased to 70 from 1993 to 2020. The present delimitation of parliamentary constituencies has been done on the basis of 2001 census figures under the provisions of Delimitation Act, 2002. The assembly election in Delhi, conducted in 2008, was the first to use the new boundaries as drawn by the 2002 delimitation commission.After this Delhi has also witnessed 3 legislative assembly elections in the year 2013, 2015 and in 2020, in which the number of constituencies remained the same[3].

Study Area

Delhi was taken as a case study for the historical analysis of assembly elections and their composition. Delhi the capital of India is a metropolitan area. Delhi is located in northern India,DMS latitude and longitude coordinatesfor Delhi are:28°39'13.72"N & 77°13'44.29"E. Delhi covers an area of 1,484 km² (573 sq mi). The city is bordered on its northern, western, and southern sides by the state of Haryana and to the east by the state of Uttar Pradesh. Two prominent and distinguished features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge[4]. Delhi has a long history of assembly elections. The legislative assembly of Delhi is a unicameral law-making body.At present there are 70 constituencies in it and all these came into existence after the delimitation of constituencies in 2008. The study area is presented in map 1.1 with 70 assembly constituencies and 11 election districts of Delhi.

Map.1.1 Study Area

Source: Election Commission of India.

Objectives

1. To understand the historical evolution of legislative assembly of Delhi.

2. To understand the history of voter turnout (1952-2020).

3. To understand the performance of various political parties in Delhi’s electoral history (1952-2020).

Methodology

Secondary sources have been used to carry out the present study. Secondary data is taken from: Chief Electoral Officer Delhi, the Election Commission of India and State Elections in India: Data hand book on Vidhan Sabha Elections 1952-85. Beside that Lokniti-Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS)’s Survey was also used to understand the results of 2020 Delhi assembly election. Several indicators have been taken for analysis of voting data. To represent the electoral participation in various election years from 1952 to 2020 the number of electorates, number of votes polled and percentage of valid votes polled have been taken. Areal structural and spatial process approaches were used to explain the voting data.

History of evolution of legislative Assembly of Delhi

In 1912 Delhi became the capital of India and the first sitting of the Legislative Council was held at the Chamber of Old Secretariat on 27^th January, 1913. Delhi was chosen as the Capital because of its old traditions of Hindu-Muslim unity, strategic and geographical location and as a seat of culture. There were two stages of the evolution of Central Legislature in Delhi. The first one between 1912 to 1920 and second from 1920 onwards. In the first stage (from 1912 to 1920) legislature wascalled the Imperial Legislative Council and it passed very important legislations, covering all aspects regarding budget, legislation, tariff, reforms and working of railways. In the second stage, the Central Legislature consisted of two Houses – The Legislative Assembly and the Council of State. The Central Legislature passed some very important legislation, matters of constitutional reforms were decided and resolutions condemning the repressive laws were adopted. The budgets made by Indian Leaders who were Members of the Assembly[5].In the second period of evolution of development of the Legislative Assembly, (1920 onwards) the political and administrative system of Delhi has undergone many changes after independence. The detailed description of which is given below:

i. The political and administrative set up of Delhi

The political and administrative set up of Delhi has undergone several changes after independence. Prior to independence, Delhi had several Municipalities and its administration was overseen by the Chief Commissioner. Delhi State Legislative Assembly came into existence on 17th March, 1952 under the Government of Part- C States Act, 1951. While inaugurating the popular set up at Old Secretariat, the then home minister Sh. K.N. Katju had hailed the event as “a crowning glory of the annals of historical Capital Delhi.[6]”

The 1952 Assembly consisted of 48 members and Choudhary Brahm Prakash Yadav was the first Chief Minister of Delhi. Pursuant to the recommendations of the State reorganization Commission (1955), Delhi ceased to be a Part-C State with effect from 1st November, 1956 and Delhi became a Union Territory. As per another recommendation of the Commission, the Delhi Municipal Corporation of Delhi Act, 1957 was enacted to constitute a Municipal Corporation for Delhi.After that on the basis of recommendations of Administrative Reforms Commission, the Delhi Administration Act, 1966^{^[7]} was enacted. This Act provided a deliberative body called the Metropolitan Council^{^[8]}, which has recommendatory powers. The establishment of the Metropolitan Council set-up suffered from many inherent shortcomings. There was, therefore, a constant demand for a full-fledged State Assembly with a Council of Ministers to aid and advice the Lt. Governor. Accordingly, on 24th December, 1987, The Government of India appointed Sarkaria Committee (later on called Balakrishnan Committee) on various issues related to the administration of Union Territory of Delhi and to recommend measures to streamline the administrative set up.As per the recommendations of the Balakrishnan Committee, the Parliament passed the Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991, which inserted new Articles 239AA and 239AB in the Constitution, which inter alia, provide for a Legislative Assembly for Delhi. Another comprehensive law passed by Parliament called “the government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991”, complements the Constitutional provisions relating to the Legislative Assembly and the Council of Ministers and matters relating thereto. The legislative assembly of Delhi has the power to make laws with respect to all the matters in the State List or in the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India except Entries1 (Public Order), 2 (Police), and 18 (Land) and entries 64,65 and 66 relatable to the said entries of the State List^{^[9]}.

ii. Present structure of Delhi Legislature

Article 239AA of the Constitution of India provided that there shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The Assembly consists of 70 Members – all chosen by direct election from as many constituencies. For the purpose of elections, the states are divided in to geographically compact areas known as constituencies. There are two types of constituencies: parliamentary constituencies and state legislative assembly. Each parliamentary constituency consists of an integral number of assembly constituencies. This number varies from state to state. At present Delhi has a Legislative Assembly of 70 seats out of which 12 seats are reserved for SC category and 58 seats for General Category. In the 1952 Assembly Election, Delhi had 48 constituencies, out of which 6 seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes and 42 seats were reserved for the General category. After that in 1972 Delhi had 56 constituencies out of which 7 seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes category and 49 seats for General category. The distribution of number of constituencies are described in table 1.1. This distribution or division of constituencies in any state would be as per the Delimitation Commission Act.Under Article 82, the Parliament makes a Delimitation Act after every Census. The Delimitation Commission determines the number and boundaries of constituencies in such a way that the population of all seats, so far as practicable, is the same. The allocation of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes becomes possible only where their population is relatively large. The last delimitation exercise — started in July 2002 and completed on May 31, 2008 — was based on the 2001 Census[10]. From 1993 to 2003, there were total 70 assembly constituencies in Delhi out of which 57 belonged to the general constituencies and 13 from scheduled cast constituencies. The 2008 Delhi legislative assembly election was the first election to be held after the last delimitation commission Act 2002. In all the assembly elections held so far in Delhi from 2008 to 2020, the total constituencies remained same 70, but there was a change in their distribution

History of voter’s participation -1952 to 2020

The first general election in India on the basis of adult suffrage was held in 1952. There was simultaneous election both for the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. Delhi has its own interesting electoral history. Here in this study the participation of people in various elections held in Delhi has been mentioned. Especially in all the elections held from 1952 to 2020, the fluctuations in voter turnout have been shown in this study

It is clear from the graph 1.1 that the numbers of electors involved have increased rapidly, there has been also a huge increase in the percentage of valid votes polled. If we compare the data for all the election years between 1952 to 2020, it was observed that the highest 68.9 percent valid votes were cast in the year 1972. Table 1.2 indicates that historically elections in Delhi have had an average voter turnout of about above 55 percent but there have been massive differences in turnout across different elections. It also represents that Delhi has experienced unprecedented voter turnout of more than 60 percent in 1993, 2013, 2015 and in 2020 respectively. If we look at the history of voter turnout, 1972 is the remarkable election year when highest voter turnout was recorded.This was due to a renewed sense of national pride and self-confidence among voters due to the dramatic events of 1971, particularly the massive victory of prime minister Indira Gandhi’s Congress party in the parliamentary election and Indo- Pakistani war that gave independence to Bangladesh. Which assured India of internal stability and excellence in South Asia[11]. The 1993 assembly election was the first one that took place after the National Capital Territory Act was passed in 1991.In this election year also, people voted in large number. Talking about the last few election years, there is a huge increase in voter turnout in Delhi. In 2013 Delhi recorded high voter turnout above 65 percent, with this Aam Aadmi Party emerged as a new political party in Delhi. The Congress party, which was running the government in Delhi for a long time, had to face a heavy defeat. A large number of people voted for the change in government and provided an opportunity to a newly emerging party. Simultaneously, inflation, corruption and women security were also the main issues, due to which the two old National parties Indian National Congress and Bhartiya Janta Party had to face defeat.

Performance of Political Parties: 1952 to 2020

Table 1.3 represents the vote share of different political parties since 1952 to 1983.In all of them Indian National Congress emerged as a big ruling party and none of the opposition parties presented an effective challenge to the Indian National Congress except for the 1977 election only. In 1952 there were 187 candidates in fray for 48 seatsout of which 6 constituencies was double member constituencies. In such constituencies each elector had two votes and the name of these constituencies are Reading Road, Sita Ram Bazar Turkman Gate, Pahari Dhiraj Basti Jullahan, Rehgar Pura, Dev Nagar, Narela and Mehrauli. In this election Indian National Congress secured highest 52.1 % votes and Bhartiya Jan Sangh emerged as a second largest party with 21.9% votes. Indian National Congress once again emerged as a major party in 1972. During the election campaign Congress used the slogan GaribiHatao (remove poverty) with the promise of a new hope and the victory of India during the 1971 war with Pakistan over the Bangladesh issue played an important role for the massive victory of Congress party in 1971 parliamentary election[12]. The direct impact of which was also seen in the 1972 assembly election held in Delhi and congress won overwhelmingly. The third Assembly election for Delhi was held in 1977. It was a historic election as for the first time, the Indian National Congress won very few seats in Delhi Assembly election. It managed to get only 10 seats. The Janta Party (JNP) won the maximum number of seats in this election. The Janta Party was a political party that was formed as a group of Indian Political parties to protest the emergency imposed between 1975 to 1977. Which became one of the main reasons for the defeat of the Indian National Congress. In the fourth assembly election of Delhi held in 1983, the Indian National Congress made a resounding comeback.

It is clear from the above table 1.4 that barring the 1993 assembly election of Delhi, the Indian National Congress was in power for three consecutive terms from 1998 to 2008 and emerged as a major winning party (see map 1.2). During these years, Sheila Dikshit served as the chief Minister of Delhi. Many efforts were made by her for the transformation of Delhi and to make it world class city. For this she started many projects like iconic signature bridge over the Yamuna River, developed many infrastructures during the commonwealth games, public transport including Delhi Metro, flyovers, CNG based public transport, several elevated roads and underpasses and signal free ring road etc. These were some of the actions that played a major role in the success of the congress in three consecutive elections.

Massive victory of Aam Aadmi Party in Delhi Assembly elections

Aam Aadmi party contested election in Delhi for the first time in 2013 and secured 29.64 percent votes and won 28 seats and came out as a second largest party. Whereas the Indian National Congress had to face defeat badly from 2013 to 2020. On the other hand, Bhartiya Janata Party emergedas largest party in 2013. However, 2013assembly electiongave a hung mandate (see map 1.3). The Indian National Congress had to face a massive anti – incumbency wave. Poor water supply and power outages, high electricity and water bills, weak infrastructure, corruption, crime against women, problem of law and order, unemployment, price rise are some major issues which played an important role in the defeat of congress. The Aam Admi Party formed its government in 2013 with the support of Indian National Congress but the tenure of this government lasted only for 49 days,as over the issue of Jan Lokpal billChief Minister Arvind Kejriwal resigned. Delhi elections once again showed that the state elections are decided on local issues and come with decisions that can be quite different from the general elections. The Bhartiya Janata Party, which won the General Election by a huge margin, could win only 8 seats in Delhi assembly election 2020. On the other hand, Aam Aadmi Party came out with a massive victory in 2015.This party won historic 67 seats (see map 1.4). In 2020, once again this party was successful in getting the support of the people.Through various programs and policies, this party won the trust of the people and won 62 seats (see map 1.5).A Lokniti-CSDS conducted survey before the election among 3,335 voters in 175 locations (polling stations) spread across 35 of the totals70 Assembly Constituencies of the capital. It was found that around 51% voters were fully satisfied with the performance of the Aam Adam Party’s Government in Delhi during last five years. Around 46.9% voters considered Aam Admi Party as their favorite political party in Delhi[13]. The popularity of Kejriwal and the absence of a chief ministerial face for the Bhartiya Janta Party had a huge impact on the election results. Apart from that this survey also revealed that most of the voters made development and governance as their priority issues in Delhi assembly election as compared to issues like Citizenship Amendment Act etc.The development programs and policies made by Delhi government played an important role in achieving massivevictory.Many important factors played their part in the victory of Aam Aadmi Party such as- the party launched a positive campaign and highlighting its performance. Special attention was given to the development of certain sectors viz. the development works of government schools; including parent teacher meeting, full school fee waiver for children of very poor families, promoting startups and de-stressing children through happiness and mindfulness classes. Not only this, education of patriotism was also included in the schools.Medical facilities were also improved; opening of polyclinics, providing free medicines in Mohalla clinics and free lab testing facilities, free treatment of road accident victims under the scheme ‘Farishte Delhi Ke’, free surgeries at empaneled hospitals.Apart from this laying a network of sewer lines and water pipelines in unauthorized colonies and providing 20 kilolitersof free water to the people every month, free electricity for up to 200 units consumed and subsidies for up to 400 units, free Wi-Fi, free pilgrimage for senior citizens and waiver of development charges for new water and sewer connections, ensuring free public transport for women (free rides in DTC buses), facility of CCTV etc.

Map 1.2 Map 1.3

Map 1.4 Map 1.5

Source: Election Commission of India.

Conclusion

It is clear from the above description that Delhi has a long history of legislative assembly elections. Delhi and its assembly elections have evolved over time. In which voter turnout and party performance also have its own history. This study describes the present form and features of the history of legislative assembly and its structure. Simultaneously, this study presents the spatial and temporal analysis of all the assembly elections held in Delhi from 1952 to 2020. Looking at the electoral geography of Delhi, the change in the number and spatial nature of its electoral areas was possible due to the process of demarcation. Delhi has faced many political and developmental changes that took place from time to time in various election years. Through this study, an attempt has also been made to show how the number of voters has changed and increased rapidly from 1952 to 2020. In the first assembly election in Delhi, in 1952, the number of electorates was just 744668, which increased to 14797990 by 2020. Huge changes have also been recorded in valid votes percentage from 1952 to 2020. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the differences in the role and performance of political parties in different election years, including the reasons. Barring the 1977 and 1993 elections, the Indian National Congress won most of the assembly elections from 1952 to 2008. In 1993 Bhartiya Janta Party came out in power. After that by winning three consecutive elections from 1998 to 2008, the Indian National Congress was successful in forming its government in Delhi till 2013. Aam Aadmi Party, a new party, entered in Delhi assembly election for the first time in 2013 and this party brought a dramatic change in the electoral history of Delhi. New comer Aam Aadmi Party, born out of Anna Hazare’s anti-corruption agitation, created history in 2013 by winning 28 seats in Delhi assembly election, Bhartiya Janta Party emerged as the single largest party by winning 31 seats and congress suffered a massive defeat with only 8 seats, resulting in a hung assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party formed the government in 2013 with the support of the Indian National Congress, but resigned after 49 days over the issue of Jan Lokpal bill, which led to the 2015 assembly election in Delhi. After this, the Aam Aadmi Party won a tremendous victory in the 2015 and 2020 Delhi assembly elections and changed the electoral history of Delhi. Thus, this study reflects the history of electoral geography that developed in Delhi from 1952 to 2020.

Dr. Anupama Verma*

Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Evening College, University of Delhi

Saturday, March 26, 2022

भारत में निजीकरण एवं वर्तमान नीतियां

प्रस्तावनाः-

प्राचीन काल में निजीकरण की नीति यूनान, रोमन सरकार, नाजी हुकूमत, इंग्लैंड. आदि देशों में देखने को मिलती है। यहॉं सरकारी उपक्रमों को निजी हाथों में संचालित किया गया। भारत में यह निजीकरण विनिवेश एवं स्वामित्व के हस्तांतरण के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद भारत में पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं के माध्यम से विकास आरंभ हुआ। प्रारंभ में देश के आधारभूत उद्योगों तथा महत्वपूर्ण भारी उद्योगों को सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र में विकसित करने के लिए योजनाएं रखी गई। देश की औद्योगिक नीति एवं व्यापारिक नीति, आंतरिक आवश्यकता को ध्यान में रखकर के सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उद्योगों का विकास किया गया। साथ ही आर्थिक क्षेत्र के विकास हेतु पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं में मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था के अनुरूप निजी क्षेत्र के उद्योगों को भी प्रोत्साहन किया गया।

This Research paper published in International Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Multilingual,Interdisciplinary,indexed,High impact Factor journal-Shodh samiksha aur mulyankan.March-2022

http://www.ugcjournal.com/assets/authors/Hkkjr_esa_futhdjk_oa_orZeku_uhfrka.pdf.

अर्थव्यवस्था को चुस्त-दुरुस्त बनाने के लिए बैंकों का राष्ट्रीयकरण किया गया। मुद्रा प्रवाह को अनुकूल बनाया गया। इन नीतियों के परिणाम स्वरूप आधारभूत संरचनात्मक विकास हुआ। इसके साथ-साथ भुगतान संतुलन, व्यापारिक घाटा एवं राजकोषीय घाटे की समस्या उत्पन्न हुई। विदेशों से कर्ज लेना पड़ा। पेट्रोलियम भंडारों के लिए अधिक भुगतान करना पड़ा तथा पर्याप्त विदेशी मुद्रा की कमी होने के कारण विदेशी कर्ज का बोझ बढ़ता गया। सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र में सुस्त प्रबंधन का प्रभाव देखने को मिला, जिससे अर्थव्यवस्था पर बुरा प्रभाव दिखने लगा। परिणाम स्वरूप आर्थिक दोषों को दूर करने के लिए नई मौद्रिक नीति तथा कोष प्रवाह नीतियो में सुधार किया गया, किंतु स्थिति अधिक अच्छी नहीं रही। 1980 के दशक में इस प्रकार के प्रभाव को दूर करने के लिए विशेष प्रकार के चिंतन किए गए। जिसमें 1991 में उदारवाद, निजीकरण एवं भूमंडलीकरण की नीतियां सामने आई। जिसका प्रभाव भारत की औद्योगिक नीति, मौद्रिक नीति एवं व्यापारिक नीतियों पर पड़ा। निजीकरण के प्रभाव औद्योगिक संस्थानों तथा सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के संस्थानों के ऊपर भी देखने को मिलने लगा।
आशय- निजीकरण सरकारी उपक्रमों को निजी हाथों में सौपे जाना तथा विनिवेश एवं स्वामित्व के हस्तांतरण की प्रक्रिया के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है।
शोध के उद्देश्यः- शोध अध्ययन के मुख्य उददेश्य निम्नानुसार हैं।
1 निजीकरण से संबंधित उपलब्ध साहित्य एवं योजनाओं का अध्ययन करना।
2 वर्तमान में संचालित निजीकरण योजनाओं का अर्थव्यवस्था पर प्रभाव को जानना।
3 निजीकरण का उद्योगो के प्रबंध, प्रशासन एवं संचालन पर प्रभाव का अध्ययन करना।
निजीकरण की आवश्यकताः-अर्थव्यवथा में सुधार करने के लिये कुछ कदम उठाये जाना अवश्यक है। वे इस प्रकार हैंः-
सार्वजनिक उद्यमों की संचालन क्षमता में सुधार ।
उद्योगों में प्रतिस्पर्धा एवं कुशलता का विकास ।
घाटे के बजट में संसाधनों का उपयोग ।
घरेलू उद्योगों का वैश्वीकरण ।
प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश को आमंत्रन ।
निर्यात प्रोत्साहन के माध्यम से विदेशी मुद्रा अर्जिन।
प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उचित विदोहन ।
तेजी से औद्योगिक वातावरण तैयार करना एवं कल्याणकारी गतिविधियों का संचालन।
घाटे के उद्यमों में सुधार करना।
औद्योगिक शांति स्थापित करना।
शोध कार्य का पुनर्रावलोकनः-शोध आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति एवं विश्वसनीयता हेतु इस क्षेत्र में पूर्व में किये गये शोध अध्ययनों का विवेचन किये जाने की आवश्यकता होती है। अतः इस विषय से संबंधित विषय पर श्रुति मिश्रा द्वारा ,तथा ई. पेर्रोटी द्वाराइससे संबंधित कार्य किये है।
शोध प्रविधिः- शोध विचार को वास्तविक धरातल पर लाने के लिए एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया को अपनाना होता है, जो उसके वास्तविक स्वरूप को लाने के लिए तथ्यात्मक रूप से एवं उसे निकटता प्रदान करने के लिए अपनायी जाती है। शोध प्रक्रिया भी एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया ही है। शोध अध्ययन के अंतर्गत उस शोध विषय की वास्तविकता को जानने के लिए विषय का गहन चिंतन और निर्धारित विकल्पों में से सही विकल्प चयन करना संभव होता है। विषय से संबंधित विभिन्न प्रकार के ऑकडों़ का संग्रहण, सारणियन, श्रेणियन, विश्लेषण, निर्वचन तथा प्रदर्शन किया जाता है।
इस शोध अध्ययन के अंतर्गत हमने वर्तमान परिस्थिति में निजीकरण के संबंध में शासकीय आंकड़ों के अंतर्गत विभिन्न प्रकार के पत्र-पत्रिकाओं में प्रकाशित एवं सोशल मीडिया के माध्यम से प्राप्त जानकारी का उपयोग करते हुए स्थिति के वास्तविक करीब पहुंचने का प्रयास किया है। शासकीय योजनाओं एवं निजीकरण के संबंध में दी गई जानकारी का उपयोग करते हुए सार गर्भिता को पहचाना है तथा इससे उत्पन्न स्थितियों को निष्पक्ष रुप से तथ्यात्मक रूप से प्रदर्शित करने का प्रयास किया हैं।
निजीकरण की वर्तमान स्थितिः- वर्तमान समय में केंद्र सरकार निजीकरण की ओर विशेष प्रकार से जोर दे रही हैं। सरकार ऐसे सार्वजनिक उद्योगों, कम्पनियों एवं सरकारी इकाइयों का निजीकरण करने के लिए प्रतिबद्धता दर्शा रही है तथा विनिवेश एवं स्वामित्व हिस्सेदारी भी निजी हाथों में सौंपना चाहती है। इस संबंध में किये गये प्रयास निम्न हैं-
वर्ष 1991-92 में सरकार ने विनिवेश द्वारा 2510 करोड़ रूपया जुटाने का लक्ष्य रखा था, जिसमें से लक्ष्य से अधिक 3040 करोड़ रुपया जुटाने में सफल रहे।
वर्ष 2013-14 में लगभग 56000 करोड रुपए के विनिवेश का लक्ष्य रखा था पर यह उपलब्धि 26000 करोड़ रुपया की रही थी।
सरकार ने 2017-18 में एक लाख करोड़ का लक्ष्य रखा था। जिसमें 85000 हजार करोड़ रुपया जुटाने में सफल रहे।
वर्ष 2019-20 में सरकार द्वारा अंतरिम बजट के दौरान विनिवेश के जरिए 90 हजार करोड़ रूपया जुटाने का लक्ष्य रखा था, बाद में इसे बढ़ाकर 105000 करोड़ रुपये कर दिया, लेकिन इसी दौरान कोविड-19 आ जाने के कारण लक्ष्य प्राप्त करने की में असफल रही।
वर्ष 21-22 में विनिवेश के लिए 175000 करोड़ रूपये का लक्ष्य रखा गया है।
सरकार भारत पेट्रोलियम कारपोरेशन लिमिटेड, एयर इंडिया शिपिंग कारपोरेशन ऑफ़ इंडिया, कंटेनर कारपोरेशन ऑफ़ इंडिया, आईडीबीआई बैंक, बीसीएमएल, पवन हंस, नीलांचल इस्पात निगम आदि को निजी करण के क्षेत्र में पहुंचाने वह सफल रही हैं। रिजर्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया ने 1993 में 13 नए घरेलू बैंकों को बैंकिंग करने की ।
दूरसंचार क्षेत्र में 1991 से पहले तक बीएसएनएल का एकाधिकार था, 1999 में नई टेलीकॉम नीति लागू होने के बाद यह भी निजीकरण की ओर आगे बढ़ा।
बीमा क्षेत्र में 1956 में लाइफ इंश्योरेंस एक्ट के बाद 1 सितंबर 1956 को भारतीय जीवन बीमा निगम की स्थापना हुई थी 1999 में मेहरोत्रा समिति की सिफारिश के बाद निजी क्षेत्र को छोड़ दिया गया।
एविएशन क्षेत्र में 1992 में सरकार ने ओपन स्काई नीति बनाई और मोदी लुप्त धमनिया एयरवेज, एयर सहारा जैसी कंपनियां मैदान में आई।
1991 तक दूरदर्शन ही था 1992 मेरा निजी चौनल ज़ी टीवी शुरू हुआ आज देश में 1000 से ज्यादा चैनल कार्य कर रहे हैं।
सरकार ने निजी करण के संबंध में एक दीर्घकालीन नीति बनाई है इसके तहत सरकारी क्षेत्र से जुड़ी कंपनी, पीएसयू और अन्य संस्थानों को दो हिस्सों में बांटा गया है :-
जिन कंपनियों में एवं पीएचयू का सरकार में 51 प्रतिशत हिस्सा बन चुकी है सरकार की योजनाएं अगले 3 साल में पूर्ण रूप से निजीकरण करने की है ।
सरकार ने कुछ कंपनियां, पीएसयू और संस्थानों को रणनीति क्षेत्र में रखा है, जिसमें परमाणु ऊर्जा, अंतरिक्ष, रक्षा, ट्रांसपोर्ट, ऊजा,र् वित्तीय सेवाएं आदि विभाग शामिल है, सरकार इस क्षेत्र को निजी करण और विनिवेश से फिलहाल दूर रखेगी।
सरकारी क्षेत्र की 300 कंपनीया पीएसयू एवं अन्य सरकारी उपकरणों को अधिकतम पूर्ण निजीकरण या इनका ज्यादा से ज्यादा हिस्सा बेचने के लिए तत्पर है सरकार की योजनाएं इन क्षेत्रों से जुड़ी सरकारी कंपनियों की संख्या 3 साल में 300 से 23 करने की है।
निजीकरण की समस्याएॅंः- निजीकरण के आलोचक सार्वजनिक उपक्रमों की संपत्ति को औने पौने दामों में बेची जाने के कारण इस प्रक्रिया की आलोचना कर रहे हैं और कह रहे हैं कि इस प्रक्रिया से सरकार को बहुत बड़ा घाटा उठाना पड़ रहा है। विनिवेश से प्राप्त राशि का उपयोग उपकरणों के विकास के लिए नहीं किया जा रहा है, नाही समाज उपयोगी अधोसंरचना के निर्माण में खर्च किया जा रहा है। यह राशि केवल सरकार के बजट के राजस्व घाटे को कम करने के लिए उपयोग में लाई जा रहे हैं। जिसके कारण निजीकरण से उपलब्ध राशि का सही उपयोग न होने के कारण यह निजीकरण का कार्य भविष्य में नुकसान देगा एवं सार्वजनिक हित के विरुद्ध उपयोग होने के कारण इसके दूरगामी परिणाम देश की अर्थव्यवस्था पर अच्छे नहीं बढ़ने की संभावना जताई जा रही हैं। अन्य समस्याएॅं निम्नानुसार हैं-
अधिक मुनाफा एवं कम जोखिम चाहना,
वस्तु एवं सेवा की लागत में वृद्धि करना,
सामाजिक दायित्व नाममात्र होना,
उत्पाद एवं सेवा में गरीब लोगों को ध्यान में न रखना,
एकाधिकार की समस्या,
भ्रष्टाचार को बढ़ावा मिलना,
जनहित का अभाव एवं कारपोरेट को फायदा पहुंचाना,
कर्मचारियों का शोषण,
अर्ध बेरोजगारी को बढ़ावा,
समस्याओं के निदान हेतु लिए सुझावः- निजीकरण की समस्याओं से निदान पाने के लिये निम्न लिखित सुझाव प्रस्तुत हैंः-
वस्तु एवं सेवा क्षेत्र में गुणवत्ता में सुधार,
उत्पादन एवं सेवा को बढ़ावा,
प्रतियोगिता में अधिक वृद्धि
उत्पादन को बढ़ावा,
भ्रष्टाचार में कमी,
रोजगार की संभावनाओं को बढ़ावा मिलना,
तकनीकी ज्ञान एवं आईटी का उपयोग संभव,
उद्योग में भी निवेश को बढ़ावा देना,
घाटे की अर्थव्यवस्था से मुक्ति मिलना,
सामाजिक सरोकार के कामों में वृद्धि,
सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व में कमी,
सरकारी राजस्व में वृद्धि होने की संभावना,
व्यवसाय कुशलता में वृद्धि,
सेवा क्षेत्र में गुणवत्ता में सुधार,
प्रबंध एवं संचालन में सुधार
निष्कर्षः- भारत सरकार ने स्वतंत्रता के बाद से ही मिश्रित अर्थव्यवस्था को अपनाया एवं समाजवादी विचारधारा के अनुरूप देश के उद्योगों की आधारभूत संरचना सरकारी क्षेत्रों में की एवं देश के आधारभूत एवं भारी उद्योगों का विकास किया। साथ ही बहुत सारे क्षेत्रों में निजी पूंजी संसाधनों एवं स्वामित्व के आधार पर विकास किया। बढ़ती हुई देश की अर्थव्यवस्था एवं विदेशों पर निर्भरता का विकास भी हुआ। 1991 में निजीकरण, उदारवाद एवं भूमंडली करण के परिणाम स्वरुप देश के उद्योगों को निजीकरण के क्षेत्र में बढ़ावा देने की बात सामने आई। प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश को बढ़ावा दिया गया। बहुत सारे संसाधनों कंपनियां एवं सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उद्योगों में निजी निवेश को बढ़ावा मिला। जिसके कुछ परिणाम अच्छे देखने को मिले, लेकिन निजीकरण के आधार पर देश की अर्थव्यवस्था का विकास करना उचित नहीं माना जाएगा, क्योंकि बहुत सारे क्षेत्र ऐसे हैं, जहां पर शासकीय हस्तक्षेप एवं नियंत्रण की जरूरत है, निजीकरण के आधार पर जो धन प्राप्त होता है, वह जन कल्याण के लिए उपयोग नहीं होता है। जिसके कारण एक सीमित क्षेत्र में ही निजीकरण को प्रोत्साहित किया जाए, तो देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में स्थायित्व लाते हुए विकास की संभावनाएं बलवती होती हैं।
डॉ अशोक कुमार राकेशिया
सह-प्राध्यापक वाणिज्य शहीद भगतसिंह शासकीय स्नातकोत्तर महाविद्यालय पिपरिया, जिला-नर्मदापुरम म.प्र.

संदर्भ सूची :-
http:// hi. m. wikipedia. Org.
http:// m. economic time. com
http:// www.drishtiias.com
http://egyankosh. ac. in
www.aajtak.in
Acharya,Shankar.2002. ^^Macroeconomic Management in the 1990”Economic and Political Weekly April20,2002.
Mishra,R.K.2014. ^^Role of State-Owner in India’s Economic Development’’.
Pettinger,T.2017 ^^Advantages and Problems of Privatization’’Economics 12 May.
Varrotil,U.2015 ^^Corporate Goverrnancein State Owned Enterprises’’Quarterly Briefing.NSE 9 April.

Thursday, March 24, 2022

सब कुछ है फिर भी जीवन उदास क्यों है ?

कबीर कहता है
रहना नहीं देश विराना है
ये संसार कागद की पुड़िया बून्द पड़े घुल जाना है ,
ये संसार झाड़ और झकड़ आग लगे बरि जाना है।

अब सांसारिक लोग अपने स्वार्थों की पूर्ति हेतु नित नए संबंधों का सृजन मात्र इसलिए करते है कि हमें समय पर सब भौतिक साधन मिलते चले जाएँ ,वो चाहे मानवीय सहायता हो या फिर आर्थिक सहयोग।
हम रिश्ते बनाते वक्त एक बेहतर इन्सान के बजाय आर्थिक व बाहुबली संपन्न व्यक्ति को चुनते है। जीवन भर गोल गोल कोल्हू के बैल की तरह घूमते रहते है। स्वार्थ पूर्ति हेतु समस्त प्रकार के अपराध करने से भी नहीं झिझकते। फिर एक दिन जब उसी व्यक्ति को दूध की मक्खी की तरह निकाल कर बाहर फेंक दिया जाता है तो उसे अहसास होता है और उनके नेत्रों से नो नो आंसू बहने लगते है।
देखने में आया है की व्यक्ति अपने पुत्र के विवाह करने से पूर्व भिखारी का स्वरुप धारण कर लेता है। वह ये मानसिकता बना लेता है की बेटी के पिता को जितना लूट सकते हो उतना लूट लेना चाहिए। तुर्रा ये की लड़की संस्कारित शिक्षित और ब्यूटीफुल चाहिए। पुत्र में चाहे अवगुणों की खान समाहित क्यों न हो।
होता क्या है ? शादी के बाद सास को अपनी सत्ता छिनती हुयी दिखाई देने लगती है। और शुरू होता है भारतीय एपिसोड।
जूतमपैजार का सिलसिला शुरू हो जाता है।
विवाह विच्छेद के बेतहासा परिणाम सामने आने लगे हैं।
अगर व्यक्ति सामान्य इंसान बनकर अपने नैसर्गिक रिश्तों का सम्मान करते हुए जीवन जिए तो वह आखरी क्षण तक मुस्करा सकता है।
सोचिये हम किस विकास की ओर जा रहे हैं ?

Monday, May 3, 2021